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| Title 5 Regulations on Distance Education |
|
Overview Final Curriculum and
Academic Standards Title 5 Sections Trial Period Curriculum
and Academic Standards Title 5 Sections Other Distance Education
Title 5 sections that were amended in July 2002 Related non- Distance
Education Title 5 sections that were NOT amended iin July 2002 Other Related Distance
Education Items 55205. Definitions and Application. (adopted July 2002 - replaces 55370) Distance education means instruction in which the instructor and student are separated by distance and interact through the assistance of communication technology. All distance education is subject to the general requirements of this chapter as well as the specific requirements of this article. In addition, instruction provided as distance education is subject to the requirements that may be imposed by the Americans with Disabilities Act (42 U.S.C. Sec. 12100 et seq.) and section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, as amended, (29 U.S.C. § 794d). NOTE: Authority cited: Sections 70901 and 66700, Education Code. Reference Sections 70901 and 70902, Education Code. 55207. Course Quality Standards. (adopted July 2002 - replaces 55372) The same standards of course quality shall be applied to DE as are applied to traditional classroom courses, in regard to the course quality judgments made pursuant to the requirements of section 55009 of this part, and in regard to any local course quality determination or review process. NOTE: Authority cited: Sections 70901 and 66700, Education Code. Reference: Sections 70901 and 70902, Education Code. 55209. Course Quality Determinations. (adopted July 2002 - replaces 55374) Determinations and judgments about the quality of Distance Education under the course quality standards referred to in section 55207, shall be made with the full involvement of faculty in accordance with the provisions of subchapter 2 (commencing with section 53200) of chapter 2 of division 4 of this part. NOTE: Authority cited: Sections 70901 and 66700, Education Code. Reference: Sections 70901 and 70902, Education Code. 55211. Instructor Contact. (adopted July 2002 - replaces 55376) In addition to the requirements of section 55009
and any locally established requirements applicable to all courses,
district-governing boards shall ensure that: NOTE: Authority cited: Sections 70901 and 66700, Education Code. Reference: Sections 70901 and 70902, Education Code. 55213. Separate Course Approval. (adopted July 2002 - replaces 55378) Each proposed or existing course, if delivered by distance education, shall be separately reviewed and approved according to the district's certified course approval procedures. NOTE: Authority cited: Sections 70901 and 66700, Education Code. Reference: Sections 70901 and 70902, Education Code. 55215. Faculty Selection. (adopted July 2002 - replaces 55380) Instructors of sections delivered via distance education technology shall be selected by the same procedures used to determine all instructional assignments. Instructors shall possess the minimum qualifications for the discipline into which the course's subject matter most appropriately falls, in accordance with article 2 of chapter 4 of division 4 of this part (commencing with section 53410), and with the list of disciplinary definitions and requirements adopted by the Board of Governors to implement that article, as such list may be amended from time to time. NOTE: Authority cited: Sections 70901 and 66700, Education Code. Reference: Sections 70901 and 70902, Education Code. 55217. Number of Students. (adopted July 2002 - replaces 55352) The number of students assigned to any one course
section offered by distance education shall be determined by and
be consistent with other district procedures related to faculty
assignment. Procedures for determining the number of students assigned
to a course section offered by distance education may include a
review by the curriculum committee established pursuant to section
55002(a)(1). Note: Authority cited: Sections 66700 and 70901, Education Code. Reference: Sections 70901 and 70902, Education Code. 55219. Ongoing Responsibility of Districts. (adopted July 2002 - replaces 55317) Any district conducting courses under section
55316.5 shall: Note: Authority cited: Sections 66700 and 70901, Education Code. Reference: Sections 70901 and 70902, Education Code. Courses offered pursuant to this Chapter shall: (a) Be accepted by the college toward completion
of an appropriate educational sequence leading to an associate degree,
and NOTE: Authority cited: Sections 66700, and 70901, Education Code. Reference: Sections 70901, 70902, and 78310, Education Code. 55316.5. Additional Courses. Notwithstanding any other provision of law, after
June 1, 1994, the following additional types of courses may be offered,
as independent study iif conducted by distance education consistent
with the requirements of article 3 of subchapter 1 (commencing with
section 55205) of this chapter and the guidelines developed by the
Chancellor: NOTE: Authority cited: Sections 66700, and 70901, Education Code. Reference: Sections 70901, and 70902, Education Code. 58003.1. Full-time Equivalent Student; Computation. (a) Pursuant to the provisions of section 58051, the units of full-time equivalent student for apportionment purposes shall be computed for courses, including those delivered by distance education under article 3 (commencing with section 55205) of subchapter 1 of chapter 6, based on the type of course, the way the course is scheduled, and the length of the course. (b) The governing board of each community college district shall, for each of its colleges or its district, select and establish a single primary term length for credit courses that are scheduled regularly with respect to the number of days of the week and the number of hours the course meets each week, inclusive of holidays. The units of full-time equivalent student of credit courses scheduled conterminously with the term, exclusive of independent study and work-experience education courses, shall be computed by multiplying the student contact hours of active enrollment as of Monday of the week nearest to one-fifth of the length of the term, unless other weeks are specified by the Chancellor to incorporate past practice, by the term length multiplier, and divided by 525. The term length multiplier for attendance accounting purposes shall be determined in accordance with regulations of the Board of Governors, provided that the maximum multiplier for semester length terms shall be 17.5 and the maximum multiplier for quarter length terms shall be 11.67. (c) For credit courses scheduled to meet for five or more days and scheduled regularly with respect to the number of hours during each scheduled day, but not scheduled conterminously with the college's primary term established pursuant to subsection (b), or scheduled during the summer or other intersession, the units of full-time equivalent student, exclusive of independent study and work-experience education courses, shall be computed by multiplying the daily student contact hours of active enrollment as of the census day nearest to one fifth of the length of the course by the number of days the course is scheduled to meet, and divided by 525. (d) For credit courses scheduled to meet for fewer than five days, and all credit courses scheduled irregularly with respect to the number of days of the week and the number of hours the course meets on the scheduled days, the units of full-time equivalent student, exclusive of independent study and work-experience education courses shall be computed by dividing actual student contact hours of attendance by 525. (e) For all open entry-open exit credit courses and for all noncredit courses otherwise eligible for state aid, the units of full-time equivalent student shall be computed by dividing actual student contact hours of attendance by 525. (f) For independent study and work-experience education courses: (1) For credit courses, for purposes of computing full-time equivalent student only, one weekly student contact hour shall be counted for each unit of credit for which a student is enrolled in one of those courses. The full-time equivalent student of those courses shall be computed by multiplying the units of credit for which students are enrolled as of the census day prescribed in subsection (b) or (c), as appropriate for the primary term or intersession and duration for which the course is scheduled, by the term length multiplier as provided for in subsection (b), and dividing by 525. (2) For noncredit course sections conducted as distance education pursuant to section 55316.5, for purposes of computing full-time equivalent student only, weekly student contact hours shall be derived by counting the hours of instruction or programming received by the students, plus instructor contact as defined in programming received by the students, plus instructor contact as defined in section 55211, plus outside-of-class work expected as noted in the course outline of record and approved by the curriculum committee, and dividing the total number of hours thus derived by 54. Hours of instruction or programming received shall be independently verified by the instructor using a method or procedure approved by the district according to policies adopted by the local governing board as required by section 58030. Full-time equivalent student for such noncredit distance instruction course sections shall be computed by multiplying: (A) the average of the number of students actively enrolled in the section as of each census date (those dates nearest to one-fifth and three-fifths of the length of the course section) by, (B) the weekly student contact hours as derived above in this section, by (C) the primary term length multiplier of 17.5, and (D) dividing by 525. (g) Notwithstanding subsections (b) and (c) of this section, the units of full-time equivalent student for any credit course other than independent study and work-experience education courses may, at the option of the district, be computed by dividing the actual student contact hours of attendance by 525. When a district chooses to exercise the option of computing attendance for any course section by the actual student contact hours method, such method must be used consistently for all attendance accounting for that section. NOTE: Authority cited: Sections 66700 and 70901, Education Code. Reference: Section 70901, Education Code. 58003.3. Alien Students. Notwithstanding section 68062 of the Education Code, for the purposes of crediting community college attendance for apportionments from the State School Fund, a community college district may claim the attendance of students living in California who have been lawfully admitted to the United States in accordance with all applicable laws of the United States and enrolled in noncredit courses. NOTE: Authority cited: Sections 66700 and 70901, Education Code. Reference: Section 70901, Education Code. 58007. Noncredit Classes. Contact hours of enrollment in noncredit courses
shall be based upon the count of students present at each course
meeting. Full-time equivalent students in noncredit courses shall
be computed by dividing the sum of contact hours of enrollment by
525. Nonresidents may be claimed for purposes of calculating full-time equivalent students only if they are either citizens or aliens lawfully admitted to the United States who are living in California during the period of attendance. NOTE: Authority cited: Sections 66700 and 70901, Education Code. Reference: Section 70901, Education Code. 58009. Application of Independent Study or Work-Experience Attendance Procedure. (a) One weekly student contact hour shall be counted for each unit of credit for which the student is enrolled as of the census day prescribed in section 58003.1(b) or (c). (b) For credit courses full-time equivalent students in independent study or work-experience education courses in primary terms is computed by multiplying the weekly student contact hours authorized pursuant to subsection (a) of this section, generated as of the census date prescribed in section 58003.1(b) by the term length multiplier as provided for in section 58003.1, and dividing by 525. (c) For noncredit courses conducted as distance education, full-time equivalent students is computed on a census basis as prescribed in section 58003.1(f)(2). (d) Full-time equivalent student in independent study or work-experience education courses conducted during a summer or other intercession is computed by multiplying the weekly student contact hours, authorized pursuant to subsection (a) of this section, generated in each course, by a course length multiplier that produces the same total weekly student contact hours for the same student effort as would be generated in such courses conducted in the primary terms, and dividing by 525. NOTE: Authority cited: Sections 66700 and 70901, Education Code. Reference: Section 70901, Education Code. 58051. Method for Computing Full-Time Equivalent Student (FTES). (a)(1) Except as otherwise provided, in computing the full-time equivalent student of a community college district, there shall be included only the attendance of students while they are engaged in educational activities required of students and while they are under the immediate supervision and control of an academic employee of the district authorized to render service in the capacity and during the period in which he or she served. (2) A community college district may also include the attendance of students enrolled in approved courses or programs of independent study, including courses, or programs formerly conducted as coordinated instruction systems, who are under the supervision, control, and evaluation, but not necessarily in the immediate presence, of an academic employee of the district who is authorized to render such service. Such attendance may only be included for college level credit courses and programs which are accepted for completion of an appropriate educational sequence leading to an associate degree, and which generally are recognized upon transfer by institutions of the University of California or the California State University. The community college district shall determine
the nature, manner, and place of conducting any independent study
courses or program in accordance with rules and regulations adopted
by the Board of Governors of the California Community Colleges to
implement the purposes of this subsection. The rules and regulations
shall require community college districts to ensure that the components
of each individual study course or program for each student shall
be set out in a written record or program, including the number
of units and hours of study required, the arrangements for consultation
with the instructor, the work product to be evaluated, and the college
facility required. The rules and regulations shall also provide
for input from, and participation by, faculty, who are selected
by academic senates or faculty councils, and students, in the development
and evaluation of approved educational courses and programs. (b) For the purpose of work-experience education programs in the community colleges meeting the standards of the California State Plan for Vocational Education, "immediate supervision" of off-campus work training stations means student participation in on-the-job training as outlined under a training agreement, coordinated by the community college district under a state-approved plan, wherein the employer and academic school personnel share the responsibility for on-the-job supervision. The student/instructor ratio in the work-experience program shall not exceed 125 students per full-time equivalent academic coordinator. (c) For purposes of computing the full-time equivalent student of a community college district, attendance shall also include student attendance and participation in in-service training courses in the areas of police, fire, corrections, and other criminal justice system occupations that conform to all apportionment attendance and course of study requirements otherwise imposed by law, if the courses are fully open to the enrollment and participation of the public. However, prerequisites for the courses shall not be established or construed so as to prevent academically qualified persons who are not employed by agencies in the criminal justice system from enrolling in and attending the courses. NOTE: Authority cited: Sections 66700 and 70901, Education Code. Reference: Section 70901, Education Code. 58056. Immediate Supervision and Control. (a) Subdivision (a)(1) of section 58051 requires,
as a condition for claiming attendance for apportionment purposes,
the immediate supervision and control of an academic employee authorized
to render service in a capacity and during the period in which he
or she served. Immediate supervision and control requires the presence
of the authorized employee. More specifically, immediate supervision
or presence is characterized by all of the following: (2) The authorized employee is in a position to provide the supervision and control necessary for the protection of the health and safety of students; and (3) The authorized employee is not to have any other assigned duty during the instructional activity for which attendance is being claimed. The criteria specified above are to be applied in recognition of the fact that the need for immediate supervision will vary according to the course being offered, as well as with the design or mode of instruction of such course or program. (b) Under the following limited circumstances,
attendance of students enrolled in a course or program which does
not meet the requirements of subdivision (a) shall qualify for apportionment
purposes if: NOTE: Authority cited: Sections 66700, 70901 and 84500, Education Code. Reference: Section 70901, and 84500 55340. Eligibility for State Funds. In order for attendance in a course of independent study to be eligible for state apportionment pursuant to the provisions of this Chapter, the course must be reported as required by this Chapter, and meet all other requirements of statute and regulation relative to eligibility for state apportionment. NOTE: Authority cited: Sections 66700, and 70901,
Education Code. 58168. Tutoring. Tutoring, when provided by the college, shall be considered a method of instruction that involves a student tutor who has been successful in a particular subject or discipline, or who has demonstrated a particular skill, and who has received specific training in tutoring methods and who assists one or more students in need of special supplemental instruction in the subject or skill. Student attendance in tutoring is eligible for apportionment only in a noncredit course offered under the provisions of Education Code section 84711(a)(2). NOTE: Authority cited: Sections 66700 and 70901, Education Code. Reference: Section 70901, Education Code. 58170. Apportionment for Tutoring. Apportionment may be claimed for individual student
tutoring only if all the following conditions are met: NOTE: Authority cited: Sections 70901 and 84500, Education Code. Reference: Sections 70901, 84500 and 87356, Education Code. Standing Orders of the Board of Governors 409. Distance Education. (b) The Chancellor shall, by December 1999, provide a report to the Board of Governors that evaluates distance education systemwide and provides data and analysis, by age, disability, ethnicity, and gender, on student access to student instruction, enrollment and completion rates, and student and faculty satisfaction. Glossary (Distance Education terms) Also included in the Guidelines is a glossary of terms used in the system to identify terms that are used in the delivery of distance education. Accessibility: In Web pages, it refers to the ability of a Web page to be viewed by everyone, especially people with disabilities who use various assistive technologies. Accessible Web pages take into account the special needs of visitors with auditory, visual, mobility, and cognitive impairments and give those users an equivalent browsing experience to that of non-disabled visitors. Accommodation: Academic accommodations vary depending upon the documented needs of the individual student and are based on the demonstration that an accommodation is reasonable and necessary to improve the direct impact of a substantial limitation on a major life function. ADA (Americans With Disabilities Act): Enacted July 26, 1990. The ADA prohibits discrimination and ensures equal opportunity for persons with disabilities in employment, State and local government services, public accommodations, commercial facilities, and transportation. It also mandates the establishment of TDD/telephone relay services. The Department of Justice enforces the ADA's requirements in three areas --
Alternate Format: Translation of information into a variety of accessible formats including Braille, large print, ASCII text, audio cassette, captioning, electronic text and more. Alternative Keyboard Layout: Allows people who experience difficulty with conventional keyboard designs to use computers. The products available range from key guards that prevent two keys from being pressed simultaneously, to alternative keyboards with differing layouts, sizes, etc. for people who have specific needs, to alternative input systems which require other means/methods of getting information into a computer. Alternative Mouse System: Alternative pointing devices are used to replace the mouse. Includes trackballs and other pointing devices. Alternative Text (ALT Text): Descriptive text
included in IMG tags that appears when the mouse is held over the
image. The text should provide a concise alternative description
of the image or image map that will make sense when heard through
a screen reader. Assistive Technology: AUDITORIY IMPAIRMENT: ANALOG: A signal that is received in the same form in which it is transmitted, while the amplitude and frequency may vary. ANTENNA: The device that sends out and/or receives signals from the satellite. Also referred to as a satellite dish. AMPLITUDE: The amount of variety in a signal. Commonly thought of as the height of a wave. American Standard Code for Information Interexchange (ASCII): A computer language used to convert letters, numbers, and control codes into a digital code understood by most computers. ASYNCHRONOUS: Communication in which interaction between parties does not take place simultaneously. ASYNCHRONOUS TRANSMISSION MODE (ATM): A method of sending data in irregular time intervals using a code such as ASCII. ATM allows most modern computers to communicate with one another easily. AUDIO BRIDGE: A device used in audio conferencing that connects multiple telephone lines. Audio conferencing: Voice only connection of more than two sites using standard telephone lines. BACKBONE: A primary communication path connecting multiple users. BANDWITH: The amount of spectrum a communication
channel (analog or digital) uses, measured in hertz (Hz). BINARY: A computer language developed with only two letters in its alphabet. BIRD: The nickname for a satellite. BIT: Abbreviation for a single binary digit. BOBBY: Software package available for use online or through download that evaluates Web pages for accessibility mainly to visually impaired users. Sites that pass are entitled to display the "Bobby Approved" icon. However, that icon does not mean that those sites also comply with all of Section 508's accessibility requirements. Download Bobby at the http://bobby.watchfire.com/bobby/html/en/index.jsp BRAILE: Braille is a system of touch reading and writing for the blind, which employs embossed dots evenly arranged in quadrangular letter spaces or cells. BRAILLE DISPLAY: Assistive technology that raises or lowers dot patterns based on input from an electronic device such as a screen reader or text browser. BYTE: A single computer word, generally eight bits. BROADBAND: A term used to refer to high-speed communication networks that are designed to handle bandwidth-intensive applications. BROADCASTING: To transmit the same information to multiple receivers simultaneously over a satellite system, radio/TV station, data communications network or e-mail system. BROWSER: Software that allows you to find and see information on the Internet. C-BAND: Refers to the frequency in the 3.4 GHz to 7GHZ range. Portions of this band are dedicated to satellite communications. Satellite downlinks are 3.7 to 4.2 GHz. CACHE: A place to store something temporarily. Web pages you request are stored in your browser's cache directory on your hard disk. When you return to a page you've recently viewed, the browser gets it from the cache rather than the original server, saving you time and the network additional traffic. You can usually vary the size of your cache, depending on your practical browser. CACHE SERVER: A server relatively close to Internet users and typically within a business enterprise that saves (caches) Web pages and possibly FTP and other files that all users have requested. The cache server rather than the Internet can satisfy successive requests for these pages or files. A cache server not only gets information more quickly but also reduces Internet traffic. CAPTION: A text transcript of the audio portion of a video file that synchronizes the text to the action contained in the video. CAPTIONING TYPES: See Distance Education: Access
Guidelines for Students with Disabilities, Appendix III (Off-line
captioning, Realtime Captioning, Closed captions, Open captions,
Closed caption decoder, Roll-up and Pop-On captions, and Captioning
Service Providers) COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENTS: It includes individuals with general processing difficulties (developmental disabilities, brain injury, etc.), people with very specific types of deficits (short term memory, inability to remember proper names, etc.), learning disabilities, language delays, and more. CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU): The component of a computer in which data processing takes place. CHANNEL: The smallest subdivision of a circuit, usually with a path in only one direction. CODEC (COder/DECoder): Device used to convert analog signals to digital signals for transmission and reconvert signals upon reception at the remote site while allowing for the signal to be compressed for less expensive transmission. COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY: A system for sending and receiving voice, video and data electronic information. COMPRESSION: Reducing the amount of bandwidth needed to transmit video or audio by digitizing an analog signal, thus increasing the ability able to load multiple services on a satellite transponder COMPRESSED VIDEO: When video signals are downsized to allow travel along a smaller carrier. COMPUTER ASSISTED INSTRUCTION (CAI): Teaching process in which a computer is utilized to enhance the learning environment by assisting students in gaining mastery over a specific skill. COURSE SESSION: Used in Management Information System reporting to indicate the separate records on a section of a course that distinguishes when a part of the section is scheduled at a different time, on different days, in a different facility, or with several instruction methods. COURSEWARE: Educational software and materials (such as programs) for a distance education course. CYBERSPACE: The nebulous "place" where humans interact over computer networks. Coined by William Gibson in Neuromancer. DBS: Direct Broadcast Satellite. A service that uses satellites to broadcast multiple channels of television programming directly to small dish antennas. DECODER: A device used to unscramble encrypted
or "scrambled" television signals. DIAL-UP TELECONFERENCE: Using public telephone lines for communications links among various locations. DIGITAL: A quantification scheme that allows the conversion of analog information into bits of data. Digitization allows for signal compression and for maintaining signal integrity. DIGITAL VIDEO INTERACTIVE DVI): A format for recording digital video onto compact disc allowing for compression and full motion video. DESCRIPTIVE NARRATION: Aids blind and visually impaired viewers with descriptive narration of key visual elements of video programming, including descriptive information on scenery, action, expressions/movements and costumes/props - everything that will give the viewer a better "picture" of what is happening. DISTANCE EDUCATION - Instruction in which the instructor and student are separated by distance and interact through the assistance of communication technology. DISTANCE EDUCATION COURSE: The delivery of instruction and separation of the student and instructor that utilizes one or a combination of technologies 51 percent or more of the time is considered a Distance Education course/section/session. DISTANCE LEANRNING: The desired outcome of distance education. DOWNLINK: The transmission of radio frequency signals from a satellite to an earth station. DOWNLOAD: Using the network to transfer files from one computer to another. EARTH STATION: A ground-based antenna and associated equipment used to receive and/or transmit telecommunications signals via satellite. ECHO CANCELLATION: The process of eliminating the acoustic echo in a videoconferencing room. ELECTRONIC MAIL (E-mail): Sending messages from one computer user to another. FACSIMILE (FAX): System used to transmit textual or graphical images over standard telephone lines. FCC: Federal Communications Commission. The U.S. federal regulatory agency responsible for the regulation of interstate and international communications by radio, television, wire, satellite, and cable. FEEDS: Device mounted at the focal point of the antenna that gathers signals reflected from the dish. Also a television signal source. FIBER OPTIC CABLE: Glass fiber that is used for laser transmission of video, audio, and/or data. FIFTY-ONE (51%) RULE: A course/section or session is defined as DE if technology is used 51 percent or more of the time required to deliver instruction during the course term and where the student and instructor are separated by distance. FILE TRANSFER PROTOCOL (FTP): A protocol that allows you to move files from a distant computer to a local computer using a network like the Internet. FOOTPRINT: The coverage area of the earth's surface within which the signals of a specific satellite can be received. FREQUENCY: The rate at which a signal (e.g. electrical current) alternates. The standard unit of frequency is the hertz, abbreviated Hz. If a signal completes one cycle per second, then the frequency is 1 Hz; 60 cycles per second equals 60 Hz.
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS (FAQ): A collection of information on the basics of any given subject, often used on the WWW. FULLY INTERACTIVE: A variety of distance education in which the technology employed provides an immediate opportunity for exchange between participants. FULL MOTION VIDEO: Signal which allows transmission of complete action taking place at the origination site. FULLY INTERACTIVE VIDEO: (Two way interactive video) Two sites interact with audio and video as if they were co-located. GEOSYNCHRONOUS ORBIT: An orbit 22,300 miles above the earth's equator where satellites circle at the same rate as the earth's rotation. GMT: Greenwich Mean Time. The time zone that includes Greenwich, England is bisected by zero degrees longitude. This is the time notation that is used for booking international satellite time. HEADEND: Location where cable television systems collect and distribute satellite programming. HOME PAGE: A document with an address (URL) on the world wide web maintained by a person or organization which contains pointers to other pieces of information. HOST: A network computer that can receive information from other computers. HYBRID COURSE: A course utilizing more than one mode of instructional delivery. Instruction may be delivered by such modes as, for example, the internet, email, video, and the classroom. HYBRID SATELLITE: A satellite that carries two or more different communications payloads (i.e. C-band and Ku-band). HYPER TEXT MARKUP LANGUAGE (HTML): The code used to create a homepage and is used to access documents over the WWW. HYPERTEXT TRANSFER PROTOCOL (HTTP): The protocol used to signify an Internet site is a WWW site, i.e. HTTP is a WWW address. HYPERTEXT: A document which has been marked up to allow a user to select words or pictures within the document, click on them, and connect to further information. INCLINED ORBIT: A condition that occurs when a satellite is no longer station-kept in the north-south plain. A satellite operator might do so to extend the life of a satellite because fuel will only be used to perform station-keeping in the east-west plain. The inclination happens gradually over time, and once it becomes excessive, the satellite is de-orbited. INDEPENDENT STUDY: A broad category of courses for which state reimbursement is based upon number of units of credit rather than amount of student attendance. For apportionment purposes, distance education is one variety of independent study. INTERACTION: A back-and-forth dialog, using communication technology, between the user and the system. INSTRUCTIONAL TELEVISION FIXED SERVICE (ITFS): Microwave-based, high-frequency television used in educational program delivery. INTERACTIVE MEDIA: Frequency assignment that allows for a two-way interaction or exchange of information. ISDN: Integrated services digital network. A standard for the integrated transmission of voice, video, and data developed by the Consultative Committee on International Telephony and Telegraphy (CCITT). JPEG: Joint pictures expert group. A subgroup of ISO, which has established international standards for the digital compression of still pictures. Ka-BAND: Primarily used in satellites operating at 30Ghz uplink and 20 GHz downlink and is intended in support of future applications such as mobile voice. A portion of the RF spectrum located between 18 GHz and 31 GHz. Ku-BAND: Refers to the frequency in the 12 GHz to 14 GHz range used in support of such applications as broadcast TV, DBS, and direct-to-home television. LARGE PRINT: Large print text is oversized print intended for use by the visually impaired. LNB: Low noise blockdownconverter. An electronic part of a satellite earth station that is used to amplify the signal collected by the reflector and the feedhorn. LISTSERV: An e-mail program that allows multiple computer users to connect onto a single system, creating an on-line discussion. LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN): Two or more local computers that are physically connected. MAGPie: Media Access Generator. Tool that allows Web authors to add captions to three multimedia formats: Apple's QuickTime, the World Wide Web Consortium's Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language (SMIL) and Microsoft's Synchronized Accessible Media Interchange (SAMI) format. MAGpie can also integrate audio descriptions into SMIL presentations. MCPC: Multi-channel per carrier. A signal comprised of multiple digital streams that are multiplexed into a single stream, which is then transmitted on single carrier. This is typically used combine multiple CDV signal into one. MICROWAVE: Electromagnetic waves that travel in a straight line and are used to and from satellites and for short distances (i.e., up to 30 miles). MOBILITY IMPAIRMENTS: Physical impairments limit movement and fine motor controls like walking, lifting, or using a mouse or keyboard. People with physical impairments often require adaptive or assistive technologies to use computers or navigate through Web sites MODEM: A piece of equipment to allow computers to interact with each other via telephone lines by converting digital signals to analog for transmission along analog lines. MOSAIC: An example of browser software that allows WWW use. MPEG: MPEG the Moving Picture Experts Group, develops standards for digital video and digital audio compression. It operates under the auspices of the International Organization for Standardization. The MPEG standards are evolving, each designed for a different purpose. MULTIMEDIA: Any document which uses multiple forms of communication, such as text, audio, and/or video. MULTI-POINT CONTROL UNIT (MCU): Computerized switching system which allows point-to-multipoint videoconferencing. NAB: National Association of Broadcasters. A U.S.-based organization that fosters and promotes radio and television broadcasting. PanAmSat has a booth at the NAB trade show held once a year in Las Vegas. NETSCAPE: An example of browser software that allows you to design a home page and to browse links on the WWW. NETWORK: A series of points connected by communication channels in different locations. NON-TEXT EQUIVALENT: Content provided through audio files, sign language, or other visual means to convey information to people with visual or cognitive disabilities. ON-LINE: Active and prepared for operation. Also suggests access to a computer network. ORIGINATION SITE: The location from which a teleconference originates. PAYLOAD: Supports the primary mission of the satellite, the receipt and transmission of signals, and comprises systems that include receivers, multiplexers, high-powered amplifiers and signal processing. POINT OF PRESENCE (POP): Point of connection between an interexchange carrier and a local carrier to pass communications into the network. POINT-TO-POINT: Transmission between two locations. POINT-TO-MULTIPOINT: Transmission between multiple locations using a bridge. POLARIZATION: The orientation of a transmitted/received
signal. Signals can have circular or linear polarization. PROTOCOL: A formal set of standards, rules, or formats for exchanging data that assures uniformity between computers and applications. REAL TIME: An electronic operation that is performed in the same timeframe as its real-world counterpart. For example, real time video transmission. REAL TIME TRANSCRIPTION: Transcribers attend class and write the spoken word on a steno machine. This process instantly creates English text so that one or more hearing impaired students may not only see what is being said, but non-oral students can utilize the keyboard to ask questions. SATELLITE TV: Video and audio signals are relayed via a communication device that orbits around the earth. SCPC: Single Channel Per Carrier. A scheme in which only one signal is loaded on a carrier. SCREEN MAGNIFIER: Software program that magnifies all or part of a computer screen to make the content visible to users with visual impairments. SCREEN READER: Software that reads the content of a computer screen aloud. Screen readers can only interpret text content, so all graphic and multimedia must have alternative text descriptions using ALT text, captions, transcripts, or other methods. SERIAL LINE INTERNET PROTOCOL (SLIP) : Allows
a user to connect to the Internet directly over a high speed modem.
SIMPLEX OPERATION: Transmissions sent in only one direction of a telecommunications channel. SLOW SCAN CONVERTER: Transmitter/receiver of still video over narrow band channels. In real time, camera subjects must remain still for highest resolution. SPACE SEGMENT: A term that describes the portion of the total communications satellite system that is physically located in orbit around the earth. SPECTRUM: The range of electromagnetic radio frequencies used in transmission of voice, data and television. STREAMING: Streaming video is a sequence of "moving images" that are sent in compressed form over the Internet and displayed by the viewer as they arrive. Streaming media is streaming video with sound. With streaming video or streaming media, a Web user does not have to wait to download a large file before seeing the video or hearing the sound. Instead, the media is sent in a continuous stream and is played as it arrives. The user needs a player, a special program that uncompresses and sends video data to the display and audio data to speakers. A player can be either an integral part of a browser or downloaded from the software maker's Web site. SYNCHRONOUS: Communication in which interaction between participants is simultaneous. SUN OUTAGE: When the sun passes behind a satellite in relation to the earth, and the sun's energy momentarily interferes with the satellite signals. Occurs two times each year during spring and fall equinox. T-1: Refers to bit rate of 1.544 million b/s for the United States. The European E-1 transmission bit rate is 2.048 Mb/s. T-3 (DS-3): A digital channel which communicates at a significantly faster rate than T-1. TELECOMMUNICATIONS: The science of information transport using wire, radio, optical, or electromagnetic channels to transmit receive signals for voice or data communications using electrical means. TELECONFERENCING: Two way electronic communication between two or more groups in separate locations via audio, video, and/or computer systems. TELECOURSE: A video-based course which uses a fully integrated package of video instruction combined with instructional support materials (for example, a textbook, a student study guide, and a faculty resource guide). Telecourses are delivered in a variety of ways, including television broadcast. TELEPHONE RELAY SERVICE: Telephone Relay Services (TRS) link people using a standard (voice) telephone with people using a device called either a Text Telephone (TTY) or Telecommunications Device for the Deaf (TDD). This device generally consists of a keyboard and display screen. Calls are routed through a communications operator who has both sets of equipment and who acts as the intermediary between callers TELEPORT: Technical ground facility used for satellite communications. PanAmSat operates six domestic teleports: Atlanta, GA; Napa, CA; Fillmore, CA; Long Beach, CA; Castle Rock, CO; Homestead, FL; and Spring Creek, NY. TELEWEB: A course which merges a telecourse (see above) with the internet, providing the addition of online content, instructional/learning activities, resource links, and instructor and student interaction. TEXT EQUIVALENT: Text content that describes information on the screen that's contained in graphic, Flash, or other multimedia files. Text equivalent is often provided using captions, ALT text, or transcripts. The alternate text must convey the same function or purpose for the user with a disability as the non-text content does for others. TEXT SPEECH SOFTWARE: Text-to-Speech software is used to convert words from a computer document (e.g. word processor document, web page) into audible speech spoken through the computer speaker. This differs from screen reader technology because it doesn't read any system information or alternative text descriptions. TEXT TRANSCRIPT: A text description of information contained in audio files. TTY: Most deaf people use a device called a TTY (also known as a TDD), which is a simple keyboard that connects to a telephone, often through an acoustic coupler. When two people communicate via TTY, each sees what the other is typing. TRACKING: An earth station feature that allows
for tracking inclined satellites. TRANSPONDER: A Radio frequency path through a satellite with a specific bandwidth, uplink/downlink frequency and beam. Transponders can be sold in whole or can be segmented into smaller pieces of bandwidth. VIDEO TELECONFERENCING: A teleconference including two way video. VIRTUAL EQUIVIALENT: A mediated technology course that is regularly or irregularly scheduled and meets the criteria for section 58003.1 (a) (b) (c) can be considered comparable to a classroom-based course. VISUAL IMPAIRMENT: Refers to conditions where people are blind, color blind, or have reduced vision capabilities. Often, these people will use assistive technologies like screen readers or magnifiers to help them use computers and navigate through Web sites. VOICE RECOGNITION: Voice or speech recognition is the ability of a machine or program to receive and interpret dictation, or to understand and carry out spoken commands UNIFORM RESOURCE LOCATOR (URL): The address of a homepage on the WWW. UNIVERSAL DESIGN: Universal design is the design of products and environments to be usable by all people, to the greatest extent possible, without the need for adaptation or specialized design. USABILITY: Refers to design features that make a product user friendly for the broadest number of users. For instance, Web sites with usability problems could be hard to navigate, difficult for disabled people to use, or have unclear instructions for use. UPLINK: The transmission of radio frequency signals to a satellite from an earth station. WAI: Web Accessibility Initiative, affiliated with the World Wide Web Consortium. Coordinates with organizations around the world to increase the accessibility of the Web through five primary areas of work: technology, guidelines, tools, education and outreach, and research and development. The developer of web content accessibility guidelines http://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG10/ World Wide Web (WWW): A graphical hypertext-based Internet tool that provides access to homepages created by individuals, businesses, and other organizations. Access for the Disabled — Basic Requirements for Providing Access (Distance Education) The following are general principles that should be followed in ensuring that distance education courses are accessible to students with disabilities. They represent the general concepts of the ADA and its regulations but do not provide a detailed legal analysis of the ADA requirements. Persons utilizing this document who are unfamiliar with the ADA may wish to consult the campus ADA Coordinator or DSP&S Coordinator for further interpretation. In the remainder of this document, specific guidelines will be provided for resolving access issues with respect to particular delivery modes commonly used in DE. 1. One of the primary concepts of distance education is to offer students "Learning anytime, anywhere." Therefore, all distance education resources must be designed to afford students with disabilities maximum opportunity to access distance education resources "anytime, anywhere" without the need for outside assistance (i.e. sign language interpreters, aides, etc.). 2. Distance education resources must be designed to provide "built-in" accommodation where possible (i.e. closed captioning, descriptive narration) and/or interface design/content layout, which is accessible to "industry standard" assistive computer technology in common, use by persons with disabilities. 3. Whenever possible, information should be provided in the alternative format preferred by the student (i.e. sign language interpreter, closed captioning, descriptive narration, Braille, audio tape, large print, electronic text). When choosing between possible alternative formats or methods of delivery, consideration should be given to the fact that methods which are adequate for short, simple or less important communications may not be equally effective or appropriate for longer, more complex, or more critical material (Example: Use of a telephone relay service may be an acceptable method for a faculty member to respond to a brief question from a deaf student during his/her office hours, but probably would not be appropriate as a means of permitting that same student to participate in a class discussions in a course conducted by teleconference.) Issues concerning accommodation should be resolved through appropriate campus procedures as defined under Title 5, Section 56027. 4. Adoption of access solutions which include assigning assistants (i.e. sign language interpreters, readers) to work with an individual student to provide access to distance education resources should only be considered as a last resort when all efforts to enhance the native accessibility of the course material have failed. 5. Access to distance education courses, resources and materials include the audio, video and text components of courses or communication delivered via satellite, Instructional Television Fixed Services (ITFS), cable, compressed video, Local Area Network/Wide Area Network (LAN/WAN networks), Internet, telephone or any other form of electronic transmission. Access to resources and materials include the audio, video, multimedia and text components of Web sites, electronic chat rooms, e-mail, instructional software, CD-ROM, DVD, laser disc, video tape, audio tape, electronic text and print materials. Where access to Web sites not controlled by the college is required or realistically necessary to completion of a course, the college must take steps to ensure that such sites are accessible or provide the same material by another means that is accessible. 6. Distance education courses, resources and materials must be designed and delivered in such a way that the level of communication and course taking experience is the same for students with or without disabilities. 7. After the adoption date of these guidelines, any distance education courses, resources or materials purchased or leased from a third-party provider or created or substantially modified "in-house" must be accessible to students with disabilities unless doing so would fundamentally alter the nature of the instructional activity or result in undue financial and administrative burdens on the district. 8. Colleges are encouraged to review all existing distance education curriculum, materials and resources as quickly as possible and make necessary modifications to ensure access for students with disabilities. At a minimum, the Chancellor's Office will expect that the curriculum for each distance education course and its associated materials and resources will be reviewed and revised as necessary when the course undergoes curriculum review pursuant to Title 5, Sections 55002 and 55378, every six years as part of the accreditation process. In the event that a student with a disability enrolls in an existing distance education course before this review is completed, the college will be responsible for acting in a timely manner to making any requested modifications to the curriculum, materials or resources used in the course, unless doing so would fundamentally alter the nature of the instructional activity or result in undue financial and administrative burdens on the district. 9. In the event that a discrimination complaint is filed alleging that a college has selected software and/or hardware that is not accessible for persons with disabilities, the Chancellor's Office and the U.S. Department of Education, Office for Civil Rights will not generally accept a claim of undue burden based on the subsequent substantial expense of providing access, when such costs could have been significantly reduced by considering the issue of accessibility at the time of initial selection. 10. In all cases, even where the college can demonstrate that a requested accommodation would involve a fundamental alteration in the nature of the instructional activity or would impose an undue financial and administrative burden, it must nevertheless provide an alternative accommodation which is equally effective for the student if such an accommodation is available. 11. Ensuring that distance education courses, materials and resources are accessible to students with disabilities is a shared college responsibility. All college administrators, faculty and staff who are involved in the use of this instructional mode share this obligation. The Chancellor's Office will make every effort to provide technical support and training for faculty and staff involved in the creation of accessible distance education courses, resources and materials through: campus representative(s) to the California Virtual University (CVU) Regional Distance Education Center, staff from the local Regional Distance Education Center(s), campus High Tech Center staff and High Tech Center Training Unit staff. Federal and State Legislation pertaining to the use of information technology for the disabled: Assembly Bill (SB) 105 Section 2 or 2: The enactment
of Senate Bill 105 amended Government Code 11135 to require when
colleges develop, procure, maintain or use electronic or information
technology with state funds they must comply with the accessibility
requirements of Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, as
amended (29 U.S.C. Sec. 794d), and regulations implementing Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act: Section 508 Web Accessibility Checkpoints See Section 508 Web accessibility checklist http://www.webaim.org/standards/508/508checklist.pdf |